A Brief History of Terrorism in The United States

A Brief History of Terrorism in The United States Since the time the 9/11 assaults on the World Trade Center in 2001 a few new words have been made by or absorbed into regular vernacular. Jihad, Bacillus anthracis, and Taliban are currently words which are a piece of each American's vernacular, notwithstanding, no word has reappeared more regularly than the one which depicts the entirety of the occasions of that day; psychological warfare. While not another word, it was not one tossed around all that regularly before 9/11, and as no word could all the more likely depict the activities of that day, it was the most famous word picked by the media and the individuals for the demonstrations of viciousness. The meaning of psychological oppression is certainly not an unmistakably depicted one in any case. The term fear based oppression originates from the French word terrorisme, which depends on the Latin action word terrere (to alarm). The main utilization of the word dates to 1792, when the Jacobins came to control in France and started what we consider the Reign of Terror and what the French call basically La Terreur.English: I took photograph at National Portrait Gallery...One of the primary journalists to utilize psychological militant in English was Edmund Burke, a rival of the French Revolution, who in 1795 depicted the progressives with those damnation dogs called fear mongers are let free on the individuals. From that point forward the term has been far summed up. Webster's Dictionary portrays fear mongering as The unlawful use or compromised utilization of power or brutality by an individual or a composed gathering against individuals or property with the expectation of threatening or pressuring social orders or governments, regularly for ideological or political reasons. Over the span of United States history a few demonstrations of psychological oppression have been utilized to cause political stands, to incur dread into individuals, one even viewed as a domino in the chain prompting the presentation of autonomy indicating that one individual's demonstration of...

Morality in O’Brien’s Going After Cacciato Essay -- Going After Caccia

Profound quality in O’Brien’s Going After Cacciatoâ â â â â   â â Going After Cacciato, by Tim O'Brien, is a book that presents numerous issues in comprehension. Essentially attempting to make sense of what is genuine and what is dream and where they join can be a significant strain on the peruser. However much increasingly obfuscated and equivocal are the bigger good inquiries brought up in this book. There are some purported atrocities or outrages in this book, extending from slaughtering a water wild ox to fragging the boss. However they are managed in a practically spur of the moment way. They appear to turn out to be essentially the ethical scene whereupon a more noteworthy dramatization is played- - for example the show of fleeing from war, looking for harmony in Paris. This excursion after Cacciato transforms into a profound quality play, the street Westward allegory. As Dennis Vannatta clarifies, The longing to escape may have started as a response to fear, yet when the crew has arrived at Paris, Paul has supported and developed i t until it has gotten a political, moral, and philosophical explanation (245). Be that as it may, shouldn't something be said about the outrages going on constantly? How might they be overlooked notwithstanding this bigger show? As Milton J. Bates puts it, albeit Going After Cacciato is not monstrosity situated in the way of much Vietnam War collection of memoirs and fiction, [it does] record episodes in which Vietnamese regular citizens are beaten or murdered and have their domesticated animals and homes obliterated (270). This book has a practically spur of the moment like method of managing these My Lai-like outrages. Why? What's happening here? Indeed, one thing that one must mull over is the creator's point. As cited by Timothy J. Lomperis at a gathering, O'Brien has stated, 'For me, the motivation behind composing fiction is to investigate moral dilemmas. The... ...ving envisioned a sublime dream, I ask you to step intensely into it, to join your fantasy and to live it (O'Brien 284). Contemplations lead to activities. Be that as it may, dreaming is likewise doing. The demonstration of creative mind can once in a while have more force than any mechanical weapon. It is minds that stop wars. It is craftsmanship satisfying its job in the public arena. It is workmanship that brings the ethical issues. It is craftsmanship that makes us human.  Works Cited Bates, Milton J. Tim O'Brien's Myth of Courage. Modern Fiction Studies 33.2 (Summer 1987): 263-279. Lomperis, Timothy J. Down the Slippery Slope: Tensions Between Fact and Fiction. Interpretive Critique. O'Brien, Tim. Following Cacciato. New York: Dell, 1978. Vannatta, Dennis. Topic and Structure in Tim O'Brien's Going After Cacciato. Modern Fiction Studies 28.2 (Summer 1982): 242-246.      Â

College and University Accommodations for ADHD Students

College and University Accommodations for ADHD Students ADHD School Print College and University Accommodations for ADHD Students By Jacqueline Sinfield facebook twitter Jacqueline Sinfield is an ADHD coach, and the author of Untapped Brilliance, How to Reach Your Full Potential As An Adult With ADHD. Learn about our editorial policy Jacqueline Sinfield Updated on June 19, 2019 ADHD Overview Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Living With In Children Sanjeri/Getty Images Student accommodations are designed to support students with learning challenges so they can achieve their academic potential. Accommodations help ADHD students both in how they acquire information, for example in class, and how they demonstrate their knowledge in exam situations. Accommodations are intended to act as an equalizer between students, so that if you have ADHD youre not at a disadvantage academically. Theres no reason to feel ashamed or embarrassed about receiving accommodations. Providing these accommodations  were shown to be helpful for ADHD students. Helpful Accommodations for ADHD Students These are examples of accommodations for college students with ADHD. How Information Is  Presented Written instructions (rather just verbal)Help with reading assignmentsAbility to record the lectures (and be loaned recording equipment if needed)A note taker who writes the class notes Setting Sit exams in a quiet location Timing Extra time when sitting exams.  The standard is time and half, although some students are eligible for longer.Extra time to finish assignmentsReduced course load.  For example, you could be a part-time student and still get the benefits of being a full-time student. Advanced course selection   Picking your courses before other students means you can select classes at the time of day where it is easiest for you to learn. You can also pick your preferred teachers. Both of these options can help your grades. Who Should Get Accommodations? Students that have had accommodations in high school tend to be more inclined to have accommodations as soon as they reach college. They have already experienced the benefits first hand and know how helpful they are to their success. Some ADHD students were able to get good grades in high school without accommodations. When they reach university, where the volume of material to study increases and the academic standard is higher, they realize they would benefit from some additional support. This might not happen until the second semester or even the second year. Benefits of Accommodations for ADHD You are able to get the grades you know are capable of.It helps your self-esteem. The grades you get are a more accurate reflection of the hard work you are putting into your studies.Your college experience is less stressful and more enjoyable.With improved grades, you have more options after graduation, including taking a post-graduate program.If you have accommodations in college, you are also eligible for them when you take admission exams for professional schools, for example, LSAT or MCAT, or for graduate schools, for example, GRE or GMAT. Overcoming Reluctance to Request Accommodations Many students with ADHD are reluctant to ask for accommodations. Here are some common reasons why you might not pursue this option: You don’t want to be different from your friends.Having accommodations would feel like cheating and put you at an unfair advantage.You do not feel that you deserve them.You do not want to be labeled as someone with a disability.You feel overwhelmed at the thought of setting up the accommodations. Remember, accommodations were created to help students just like you. Rather than putting you at an unfair advantage, they ‘even the  playing field’ so you are on equal footing with your peers. This is not cheating!  Colleges and universities have a vetting process to make sure only students with studying challenges are given accommodations. If organizing accommodations feels overwhelming, ask for help. A parent, tutor, organized friend or even a member of staff at the Office for Student Disabilities Service could help guide you through this process. Whenever you learn about a topic, you feel empowered, less overwhelmed and more likely to take action. I asked Stephanie Moulton Sarkis some ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ about accommodations for ADHD students.  Dr. Sarkis is the author of 5 books about ADHD including “Making the Grade with ADD: A Students Guide to Succeeding in College with Attention Deficit Disorder. How Does an ADHD Student Get Accommodations in College? When you first get accepted to a college or university, visit their website. Find the webpage for  Office for Student Disabilities Service and start to initiate the accommodation process.  Tell them about your ADHD diagnosis and request student accommodations. The Office for Student Disabilities will then explain what information they need from you. Each school requirements are slightly different. However, typically they ask for a letter from a licensed clinic on letterhead paper, stating your diagnosis, how they arrived at the diagnosis and the date they saw you. There has been an important development regarding the information you need to provide. Previously, your test needed to have been carried out in the last 5 years. This is no longer the case. It can have been carried out at any time in your life if it meets the offices criteria. If you had a 504 in high school, you could include a copy of that plan too. What Happens Next? Once the administration work has been completed, you will be contacted by the Office for Student Disabilities and have an appointment with a member of their staff. They will let you know what accommodations you are entitled to. At some colleges, the Office for Student Disabilities will contact your professors to let them know about your accommodations.  Other colleges will give you a letter detailing your accommodations. Then you can show the letter to each of your professors at the start of the semester, either after class or during office hours. Most professors are familiar with how accommodations work; however, if they have any questions, either you or the Office for Student Disabilities can answer them. What Accommodations Do I Need? If you have had accommodations in high school, then you will be familiar with what accommodations are helpful to you. If accommodations are new to you, it might be harder to know which ones will help you. Accept all the accommodations that are offered to you, even if you do not use them. This is because it can take a long time to add accommodations. What Happens If  My Request for Accommodations Is Rejected? If your request is denied for any reason, you can appeal. Often a rejection is because the Office for Student Disabilities requires additional information. Once you have provided the information, the accommodations can be approved. If you need to take the further action, contact the Association on Higher Education and Disability (AHEAD) They are the organization responsible for overseeing the accommodation process. However, it is always simpler if you can talk to the school first. If I Have Accommodations in College, Will This Go Against Me in My Career? Schools are not allowed to disclose confidential information about you. There are strict laws about this. What If I Go to Private School? Any universities receiving a PAL grant must follow The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), which is a civil rights law that stops discrimination against people with disabilities in all areas of life, including schools. What Happens If I Change My Mind and Want Accommodations After All? Even if you did not apply for accommodations when you first enrolled in school,  it is not a problem. You can apply at any time. The only  downside is that the review process takes time to be processed and during this time, you will still be studying and getting grades. Any Other Advice for ADHD Students? Join a support group and meet other students in similar positions. This helps you to realize that you are not alone, and you can share experiences with people who really understand. The Office for Student Disabilities Service might run a support group, or will have the details of one that is held on campus.

Democracy A Democratic Society Essay - 1601 Words

Democracy can be defined as government that exist for the people in which the supreme power is vested in the people. There are certain fundamental characteristics, principals, and values that should be held within a democracy. Popular sovereignty establishes the people as the ultimate source of authority of the government and their sovereignties should be reflected through the political system. There should be institutional and procedural limitation on government power. This includes the separation and sharing of powers between different branches of government, checks and balances, due process of law, and leadership succession through elections. Another value that should be held by a democratic society is the protection of individual freedoms which includes personal freedom, political freedom, and economic freedom. One of the primary objectives of a democratic government should be to protect basic human rights. One personal freedom found in a democratic society is freedom of religion . This provides citizens the right to worship alone or with others, in public or private, or not to worship at all, and to participate in religious observance, practice, and teaching without fear of persecution. Another right for citizens in a democratic society is the freedom of opinion and expression which gives everyone the right to their own opinion and the right to search for, gather, and convey information and ideas through the media. Freedom of association gives individuals the right toShow MoreRelatedDemocracy1022 Words   |  5 PagesNormative democratic theory deals with the moral foundations of democracy and democratic institutions. It is distinct from descriptive and explanatory democratic theory. It does not offer in the first instance a scientific study of those societies that are called democratic. It aims to provide an account of when and why democracy is morally desirable as well as moral principles for guiding the design of democratic institutions. Of course, norm ative democratic theory is inherently interdisciplinaryRead MoreCompetitive Authoritarianism And Political Authoritarianism869 Words   |  4 Pages1. competitive authoritarianism competitive authoritarianism Levitsky and Way describe, a competitive authoritarianism is, in essence, a democracy but it lacks proportional representation and most of the elections and government institutions are predisposed to only the elites. Juan Linz describes this as a diminished form of authoritarianism. In competitive authoritarianism regimes, elections are normally rigged, power figures regularly misuse state resources while oppressed are denied simple libertiesRead MoreThe changing of Democracy Essay1124 Words   |  5 Pagescultures have evolved, the ideas of government and democracy have evolved as well. The economic and cultural status of a time period affects how people perceive their government. Living in a capitalist nation does not necessarily mean that democracy is non-existent. However, it does not mean that democracy in the nation has been fully formed and developed. The capitalist economy is altering the beliefs of what it means to be a democratic nation. Democracy gives power to the people. However, culturalRead MoreLinz and Stepan Consolidated Democracy Study Guide and Notes906 Words   |  4 PagesTowards Consolidated Democracies Linz and Stepan * Three conditions before speaking about democratic consolidation * First†¦no state=no democracy * Second†¦.democracy cannot be thought of as consolidated until a democratic transition has been brought to completion * Necessary but by no means sufficient condition for the completion of a democratic transition is the holding of free and contested elections (on the basis of broadly inclusive voter eligibility) that meetRead MoreDemocracy in the 20th Centuries Essay1446 Words   |  6 PagesIs democracy possible? Modern democracies have continually developed throughout the 20th century. These democracies have culminated from revolutions,wars, and even economic development. As democracies continue to grow democracy promotion has been a key issue for world governments, especially the United State of America. History has shown that building democracy is a very strenuous and a difficult task to accomplish. With the inception of government, democracy has been a seemingly difficult conceptRead MorePhilosophy and Democracy1681 Words   |  7 Pages1. RONALD DWORKIN: According to Dworkin, democracy is an egalitarian perception to political equality (). Dworkin argues for a substantive approach to democratic procedure; in effort to secure an equal distribution of political power to citizens as a whole (9; 117). Dworkin’s consequential approach classifies two types of political decisions: â€Å"choice-sensitive† and â€Å"choice-insensitive† issues (132). Dworkin defines choice-sensitive issues in terms of justice that: â€Å"depends essentially on characterRead MoreDefinition Of Democracy And Governance1586 Words   |  7 Pagesservices regarding peripheral society. Local government and democracy is most closed concept in theory as well as practice. Term â€Å"democracy and governance† are complicated and dynamic concepts in social sciences discipline. It has a long historical background and goes back to human history. Ancient Athens politics and their philosophy has provided main base for those concepts and practi cal perspectives. There is no a concrete definition or interpretation about democracy or governance. Many scholarsRead MoreIndia s Survival Of Democracy871 Words   |  4 Pagesliteracy and scarcity of resource, the survival of democracy becomes difficult and eventually fails. India is a country with all these problems, however, it still manages to be democratic, making the survival of democracy in India a unique outcome and an area of study. The endurance of democracy in India may be explained through reasons like how it has a constitution that is inclusive, its middle class that takes deep pride in India being democratic and the electronic media that not only informs, butRead MoreBest Route for Economic Development for Poor Countries1724 Words   |  7 PagesWhether liberal democracy, illiberal democracy or authoritarian rule is the best route to economic development for low income countries Introduction Democracy and economic development are two concepts that were not related initially, however, with the rise of democracies and the subsequent economic development there is an established correlation between the two concepts. The question that this paper will seek to address is â€Å"which is the best regime for economic development†. In responding tothisRead MoreDemocratic And Democratic Political Systems Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic Political Systems Democracy is typically known as a type of government that is ruled by the people. Active public participation in political matters, free and fair elections, equality, and protection of basic human rights are at the core of democratic political systems. Individual citizens, organized groups and institutions, elected officials and governmental bureaucracies all contribute to the democratic nature of these political systems, but the main power resides with the people.

Leadership and management Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Moreover, trusting the ability of such leaders to deliver has a positive effect on job satisfaction; nurses have a positive feeling about the ability of the transformative leader to fulfill their duties. Research shows that there is a close relation between trust, organizational citizenship, commitment, decisions to quit and the overall job satisfaction in followers (Wong & Cummings, 2009). Besides trust being important in the relation between nurse leaders and their followers, trust is also critical in the nurse- nurse relations for a quality health care setting. Work groups and ability of a follower to identify with a particular group is the glue that binds the leaders with followers, and will in addition create a favorable working environment among the followers themselves (Wong & Cummings, 2009). Wong & Cummings observed that increased trust in the leadership is directly related to increased performance where the leader can link the shared interests, commitments and the organiza tional needs to their followers. As a result, there is better cohesion within the group, which leads to improved group performance (Mayer & Gavin 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Research has shown that increased social support from working peers in a health care environment leads to improved performance, which can only be achieved through trust among the followers (Wong & Cummings, 2009) Nurses have to be professional in applying an extra-role behavior in the nursing setting, which is a critical form of discretionary and positive behavior that leads to improved performance in a nursing setting (Wong & Cummings, 2009). The major goal in patient safety is to eliminate the culture of blame games when errors occur, and instead employ a better approach in reporting errors in a more open manner. There is need to have a routine where nurses in a team report such errors and come up with solutions that would lead to quality care (Peachey, 2002). Voice behavior is a positive behavior, which involves speaking up towards making the health care setting better, but not only when reacting to an injustice (Wong & Cummings, 2009). When individuals share their opinions for the betterment of the nursing practice, they help in making the practice safer and sensitizing others not to make similar misses. To this respect, there has to be well developed trust in the leadership to wipe awa y any fears of the consequences of reporting such errors. A transformational leader would support such nurses to develop an organizational citizenship behavior that when applied will improve team working and the health care environment.

Greenfield vs Brownfield Sites for Housing Development Free Essays

Greenfield vs Brownfield Sites for Housing Development A Brownfield site is land which has been developed previously and is or has been occupied by a permanent structure. It may be in an urban or rural setting. It does not include agricultural land, forest or parks. We will write a custom essay sample on Greenfield vs Brownfield Sites for Housing Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Whereas a Greenfield site is Land which has not been occupied by a permanent structure. It usually applies to land in the countryside but can be undeveloped land within an urban setting. Both of these sites can be ideal for the development of new housing but both also have benefits and drawbacks to doing so. Firstly redeveloping Brownfield sites eases pressure on Greenfield sites and is more sustainable. Although Greenfield sites are often on the edge of towns and cities and may have better access, have less congestion, be in a more pleasant environment and have more space and room to expand. Redeveloping a Brownfield site would cause House prices to increase in inner city areas as people are encouraged back to the area. This is a benefit for people already living there but, this might mean that other people cannot afford the houses, and the council will have to provide for them which may cause problems. Basic Infrastructure already exists in Brownfield sites but in Greenfield sites new drainage, electricity, roads etc. would all have to be produced deeming them more expensive. Although Light industry and Science Parks favour out of town locations on Greenfield sites opposed to Brownfield sites and crucially so do their workers who are happier to live away from urban areas. New sites are easier to build on as remains of previous land use do not need to be cleared making them more attractive to retail parks, housing developers etc. But using Greenfield sites is not sustainable as there is too much pressure on the rural-urban fringe therefore making the development of Brownfield sites a better option. There is an issue of contamination and making sites safe for development, given what the land may have been used for before but towns and cities do not want their areas to decay and redeveloping these areas results in more people coming to the area. This helps local businesses as more people means more customers. Building on Greenfield sites on the other hand pulls people out of the towns and cities causing shops etc. aving to re locate on the edge of and towns and cities. In conclusion I feel looking at the benefits and drawbacks of using Brownfield and Greenfield sites for housing redevelopment it would be most beneficial to use Brownfield sites firstly because it is the more sustainable option also the basic infrastructure already exists as well as there being public transport links already in place in many area s. Also it is would help develop areas which may be suffering and increase house prices within that area, making them more wealthy and hopefully lowering crime rates etc. How to cite Greenfield vs Brownfield Sites for Housing Development, Papers

Essay Effective Business Communication

Question: Write an essay on "Effective Business Communication". Answer: The strategies of sustainability of a corporate firm add prerogative value to the corporate structure to rule the market (Galpin, Whitttington and Bell 2015). The key elements that assist in declaring the sustainability of a corporate firm power are Transparency engagement of the stakeholders, long term goals intuitive power retaining employee and strong social connection McKinsey is a popularly known worldwide company who conducts consultancy firm for management. Apparently, they have recently grown a strong compatibility with social sites. They are deploying strategies like long term goals, strong social connection and transparency (Abel et al. 2013). Boston consultancy group is the company that I want use to benchmark Mc Kinseys sustainability power. Their idea of strategy lab is unique. It is deduces the forces that will shape the strategies in upcoming time. The intuitive strategy they are implementing to define their corporate development is unique and can be profitable for long term achievement. Mc Kinsey employs similar strategies to brighten future possibilities. Kondrateiff wave has started because the corporate world has started believing on broader ideas like efficient use of resources, reusing of waste products and most importantly they are pivoting on selling services not product (Nefiodow and Nefiodow 2014). Digital and natural connection is taking place. Achieving long term goals will not be difficult at all if Mc Kinsey opts to sell their services to the consumer. Resource efficiency is another prospect that the corporation will obtain from Innovation model (Kurki and Wilenius 2015). Astute use of resources like restriction in overusing of ideas and preserving important data and information for future use can be fruitful for the company. Primary and secondary data needs to be scrutinized. The qualitative and quantitative measures of the innovative model should be made in order to assure the prospective effects that the corporation will gain. In order to accept a change in organization perspective information must be accumulated about the capacity of the model before submitting to it. Social media act as the medium through which Mc Kinsey gets to touch the life of their consumers. Mc Kinsey publishes different articles about the marketing techniques of different company, uniqueness of their approach and also about the innovative ideas that are raising waves in market culture. Feedbacks are generated by the consumers and that give us the idea about what people think and how they react to certain things (Harlow 2015). Social media is a trusted mediator that supplies Mc Kinsey with the necessary consumer information that they require. Consumers also get in touch with Mc Kinsey Corporation and this helps the organization to build a relationship of trust with the organization. Mc Kinsey has donned up to set a new trend by focusing on traditional values through social media. They are calling it the demystification of the social media. Their key principles are inspecting, responding, synchronizing and leading the behavior of the customer and they have made an interrelated connection to define the buying behavior of consumer. Robust techniques are used to optimizing technology and serve better service to the consumer (Pal et al.,2013). This is the bridleway that enables the corporation understand about the consumer need and utilizing that a product is tested so that it provides better service to the consumer. Analyzing and computation of data are the relative ways through which the feasibility of the product can be tested. It helps in creating high quality products that have better durability. The requirements for the product and the requirement of the consumers are co related and it is assessed by this technique. Robust technique can be used for development of the application that is used by Mc Kinsey to check the functionality and measure productivity of the organization. Organization sometimes finds it difficult to measure the productivity rate and align them with the needs of the client. That is why the internal and external problems of a business are not aligned properly. As a result shifting priorities, unfulfilled last minute requests leads to dissatisfaction among customers. Public relation team greatly assists the company in maintaining sustainability. The researchers of Mc Kinsey have said that innovation is one of the top drivers that can accelerate growth of the company. In next three to five years, leading strategic makers will start thinking beyond the traditional value of the product and service and implement innovative ways to improvise the distribution process, supply chain and also the business model. Study of past corporate affairs have sited that mimicking approaches can lead to dissatisfactory result whereas carving out new paths can be a better option. The organization always inherits the changes that will help us improve our ways of business. The portfolio that has been created over the year has the stains of success that we have achieved with hard toil and changing our ways by monitoring the public demand (Steyn and Niemann 2014). For Mc. Kinsey service has been always the top priority. Satisfied consumers have helped to create the radiant portfolio of the company and only they are responsible for the demand Mc Kinsey has market. As per Rosabeth Kanters lifting others life through motivation can really help people to build up their organizational power. Mc Kinsey is an institution that believes in motivation rather than condemnation to support the future of the organization (Campbell 2013). Mc Kinsey believes that success comes from team work so they prefer helping each other and getting along together in working environment. People associated with our organizations works together and Mc. Kinsey is proud of its employees. Motivation is the key for building a strong organization. A student has posted that a leader of an organization should be dictator or the organization can ever proper but according the study provided by Rosabeth Kanter, the head of the organization should follow motivational theory as it is helps in building trust and strong bond with employee. My professor has endowed me with the knowledge which has assisted me to develop my achievement skills. I am a critical person that is why Brian Krzanich is the CEO of Intel and he has influenced me a lot of in my learning. Human relation theory by Elton Mayo has explained how motivation can increase productivity and also the quality of work and also increase capital of the organization. I actually started learning when I started working. My workplace gave me the opportunity to apply my knowledge and critically analyze the principles of theorists. Though I am a critical person but the book that has inspired me is The Goal by Joseph Braithware, it is a book about leadership and management leadership goals how to achieve it. Diffusion of Innovation is the book that has influenced me and has helped in the ways of learning. Reference: Abel, A.L., Mitchell, C., Phillips, P., Ray, R.L., Hancock, B., Lawson, E., Watson, A. and Weddle, B., 2013. The State of Human Capital 2012: Why the human capital function still has far to go.People Strategy,36(1), pp.22-31.): 418-425. Campbell, A., 2013. Building core capabilities: the roles of corporate headquarters. InTowards Organizational Knowledge(pp. 221-240). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Galpin, T., Whitttington, J.L. and Bell, G., 2015. Is your sustainability strategy sustainable? Creating a culture of sustainability.Corporate Governance,15(1), pp.1-17. Harlow, H., 2015, April. Strategies for Social Media: Linking Vision, Mission and Goals With Metrics. InEuropean Conference on Intellectual Capital(p. 150). Academic Conferences International Limited. Kurki, S. and Wilenius, M., 2015. Organisations and the sixth wave: Are ethics transforming our economies in the coming decades?.Futures,71, pp.146-158. Nefiodow, L. and Nefiodow, S., 2014. The Sixth Kondratieff: The New Long Wave in the Global Economy. Pal, A., Thorp, J.S., Veda, S.S. and Centeno, V.A., 2013. Applying a robust control technique to damp low frequency oscillations in the WECC.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,44(1), pp.638-645. Steyn, B. and Niemann, L., 2014. Strategic role of public relations in enterprise strategy, governance and sustainabilityA normative framework.Public Relations Review,40(2), pp.171-183.

State of the Union 2011 Essay Example For Students

State of the Union 2011 Essay The State of the Union address is the speech the President makes to a join session of Congress at the beginning of the legislative session. This address is in accordance with the Constitution, which provides that the President shall ?from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union?. For 221 years, our leaders have fulfilled this duty. On January 25, 2011, President Obama delivered the annual address to a join session of Congress from the House Chamber at the U.S. Capital. He gave a report on the financial condition of our Nation under the new divided government. Since the Republicans won back control of the House and increased their number in the Senate last November, getting support from them will be a big challenge for the President of the United States. He was talking about the past two years being as that as anything the Nation has been threw since the Great Depression. But we are in a different condition today. The economy is growing, there was more than million jobs created last year, stock market is going up, and Corporate Profits are healthy. Even though President Obama stresses that there is so much more to do, there are so many Americans still struggling every day when the costs of living are still going up. Obama accentuates that as a Nation we need to make sure we are competitive and that we are consistently growing. He proposed five ?pillars?:?Innovation?Education?Infrastructure?Deficit Reduction?Reforming GovernmentBarak Obama?s principle focus is on creating more jobs and thereby strengthening the economy. His focus is on making sure that the economy is working for everybody, for the entire American family, making sure that people have decent jobs and benefits. We will write a custom essay on State of the Union 2011 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Obama is also proposing on cutting expenses for the next five years. He understands that dealing with deficits and debts needs to be done in a responsible way. He emphasizes on reforming the government and finely making sure to keep America safe. In conclusion, President Obama is promising to work hard to make sure that the American Dream is obtainable to anyone who wants to work for it. He understands that this will take a lot of work and a lot of challenges, but he believes that anything is possible as long as we will come together as people, Republicans, Democrats and Independents. ?As long as we focus on what binds us together as people, as long as we want to find common ground, that what its going to take to built the future ?.

An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Essays

An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Essays An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Paper An Analysis of Fanons The Wretched of the Earth Paper Violence affects an individual not only in a physical way, but also on an emotional level as well. In Fanons The Wretched of the World On Violence, the essay presents the reasons and consequences of the presences of violence. Fanon states that decolonization thrives of the essence of violence. The colonist would not reach their goal for the colonized if it was not for the act of violence. He goes through the factors that remove individuality from the individual, such as the church and the process of decolonization. This inhibits the natives basic morals and throws him/her into a state of confusion. Fanon exhibits the relationship between the colonist and the colonized. He supplies one with all the deep emotions of both the colonist and the colonized. The tension between the two opposing protagonist is fabricated through his writing. (Fanon, 3) Finally, he reveals the motives behind the violence of both the colonist and the colonized. This violence comes from two polar ideas that cannot survive with the other still remaining. In Fanons writing, one really gets to know about the perspectives of an exploited species (Fanon, 1). Fanon describes these factors in such detail that it justifies the use of violence amongst the colonized. In Fanons The Wretched of the Earth On Violence, the essay describes how the colonist tries to force their realities on the native, and while doing that strips the native of his/her identity. This act of decolonization removes the emotional ties that the natives have to their previous culture and their nation. This colonial force causes tension between the colonist and the colonized. Fanon indentifies the church as an important factor of decolonization. Fanon compares the church to the pesticide DDT; he states that the church eliminates any opposing belief that the natives might have. This destroys the fundamental morals that make up an individuals identity. After Fanons comparison of the church and DDT, he states that the church does not call the colonized to the ways of God, but to the ways of the white man, to the ways of the master, to the ways of the oppressor. (7) This shows us how the colonist was trying to assimilate the natives to their way of life. After taking away the natives identity and stripping him of his dignity, the natives are left unstable with an unhealthy amount of scattered anger. This anger is developed because of the relationship between the colonist and the colonized. Fanon elaborates on the relationship between the colonized and the colonist throughout the essay. One needs to know the setting in each of these individual groups, before one can fully understand the relationship between the two. We will first start off by disclosing the world of the colonist. Fanon compares the life of a colonist to a structure; it shows the colonist ideas to be concrete and has a sense of order. One can really digest this thought through the colonist sector described as being protected by solid in a sector where the streets are clean and smooth. Fanon introduces the racist beliefs that the colonist world had. Fanon states You are rich because you are white; you are white because you are rich. (5) This statement shows that it was not just a class problem, but there was also a race issue as well. The colonist sector contrasts with the native sector which as Fanon describes as a place of chaos. The natives in this sector are born anywhere, anyhow. You die anywhere, from anything. (Fanon, 4) This shows the natives world to be unorganized and cramped, a place where no one has a face. When one has nothing and the desire for everything, the feeling on envy comes from an individual. (Fanon, 5) This puts the colonist on edge because he/her are constantly aware of the colonized wanting to take their place. (Fanon, 5, 23) The colonized motives are simply put when Fanon states What they demand is not the status of colonist, but his place. (23) This statement shows the enormous amount of tension that is between the colonist and the colonized. This presents the unfairness and exploitation that the foreigner (colonist) imposes on the original natives of the land. 5) This is a place where the colonist world is a slated, sluggish sector, its belly is permanently full of good things and the colonized world is a famished sector hungry for bread, meat, shoes, coal, and light. The colonizeds sector is a sector that crouches and cowers, a sector on its knees, a sector that is prostrate. (Fanon, 4, 5) The image Fanon paints for us, using a very powerful use of vocabulary, is extr emely vivid. One can almost feel the resentment that the colonized had towards the colonist, kind of a glimpse in to the unjust and unequal world of the colonized. One may also see how violence could be used as an output for this source of anger. The colonized were not violent before the colonist. It was the colonist who taught the colonized the use of violence. Violence is the main reason why the colonist was able to decolonize the colonized nation. Colonists are people who are born with the knowledge of their cramped world, riddled with taboos, which can only be challenged by out and out violence. (Fanon, 3) The colonist gained control of the colonized world through the use of violence. Fanon describes the colonist forcing their ideas on them using the mechanism of fear. He states that in the capitalist economy there are councilors, sermonizers, and confusion-mongers to make sure the exploited dont step out of line but in colonial regions direct intervention by the police and the military ensure the colonized are kept under close scrutiny and contained by rifle butts and napalm. (Fanon, 4) This is how the colonized were taught the use of violence. The colonized, as stated before, have many factors that cause him/her to have an enormous amount of resentment and anger inside. This use of violence is an output for this anger and resentment, as are other things. This process purges these emotions, so that an individual can feel stability again. Unfortunately, the colonized do not just use violence to act against the colonist but they also use violence against each other. This is shown through native tribal wars and fights. The use of violence is a way that the colonized use to fight against what the colonist has done to them and to rid of the exploding emotions of anger and resentment. The colonized had a very powerful reason for the use of violence, a reason full of hatred. This is understandable considering what the colonist put the colonized through on a daily basis. It is human instinct to fight back against what you think is unfair and unjust. It is reasonable to act on your anger and change it into violence, especially if thats all you have been taught. Fanon presents a mind -opening explanation of the colonized actions and feelings. He fabricates an essay that portrays violence as not only a physical force but also a emotional force as well.

The Effects of Ethanol Production Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Effects of Ethanol Production - Assignment Example They include, but are not limited to, liquor production, solvent agent, cleaning solution, fuel, and an additive that enhances clean burning of petrol (Dvorchak, 2012). Given these and more uses, programs that encourage the use of ethanol are bound to expand the applicability and use of ethanol across the various sectors of the economy. The already identified scope of ethanol use cuts across the lives of individual households to industrial use of ethanol. In this respect, economic gains are at the top of the benefits that can possibly be reaped from continued use of ethanol. To realize the desired results in encouraging use of ethanol, stakeholders in the formulation and implementation of the enhancing programs have to invest in the relevant projects that showcase the benefits of producing and using ethanol for different purposes. Moreover, these programs must entail awareness creation to the targeted parties, meaning that all persons on board have the capacity to evaluate the benefits and shortcomings of ethanol production and use. Individuals, firms, and governments have independent decisions to make regarding the use of ethanol, meaning that these programs do not violate the rights and freedoms of choice in the use products available in the economy. Amid the ever rising environmental concerns, ethanol is increasingly becoming one of the most environmental friendly products that can be applied across a broad social and economic scope. Ethanol use is not limited to specific areas due to the diversity of purposes that it serves. Most importantly, use of ethanol as an additive in petrol to enhance clean burning impacts positively on the environment (Darcy & Marsha, 2006). On the same note, ethanol can be used as an alternative source of fuel for household, commercial, or industrial use. Therefore, encouraging the use of ethanol through the relevant programs improves household, commercial, and industrial social and economic

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella - Essay Example (c). Epidemiology of rubella: â€Å"In 2000, the National Disease Surveillance Centre (NDSC) in Ireland reported 1,221 cases of rubella by August of that year.† The occurrence of the disease was as a result of people fearing to be vaccinated against measles (Shmaefsky, p.61). (d). Pathogenesis and pathology of Rubella involved measles virus entering the body system, then to the epithelial cells, and finally to the blood where it multiplies (MPS). In blood the virus advances to general toxic level. The general toxic level of the disease is associated with the presentation of rashes and pigmentation (Shmaefsky, p.83). (e). Clinical manifestations of Rubella appeared after an incubation period 6-18 days. The clinical signs included fever, catarrhal inflammation, and appearance prodromal rashes on the skin surface (Shmaefsky, p.85). (c). The epidemiology of Ruboela: In the first ten years after its discovery, the disease caused approximately 6,000 deaths each year. Approximately 3 to 4 million people in the U.S got measles each year. Each year was also associated with about 500 deaths, 48,000 hospitalization cases, and 4,000 developed encephalitis as a result of measles. (Black, p.90). (d). The pathogenesis and pathology of Ruboela involves measles virus entering the body, then virus moves to the epithelial cells, then to blood where it multiplies (MPS), blood and later generates to general toxic level. When it is at the general level, Ruboela presents rashes (Black, p.90). (e). Clinical manifestation of Ruboela start to appear after approximately ten days after being exposed to the measles virus, a person infected with measles depicts rash, high fever, and runny nose (Black, p.91). (c). Epidemiology of mumps: the largest number of cases of mumps was reported in 1941 when the incidence of the disease was approximately 250 cases in a population of 100,000 people

Accounting Rules and Joint Ventures in Europe

Accounting Rules and Joint Ventures in Europe Bridging the GAAP The International Accounting Standards (IAS) was supposed to be a unifying conceptual framework which would bring accounting practices of various firms and industries under a single umbrella of standards. No matter if it is a Greek shipping magnate or an Italian fish processing plant, the EU envisioned that they would work within a single standard to better facilitate trade amongst various nations. Indeed, the EU attempted to achieve this through the means of directives, which were soon abandoned. Directives, aimed at forcing compliance with EU accounting standards and practices were discarded because of complaints such as those voiced by the 2003 Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes with regards to the Czech Republic that â€Å"The wording of primary and secondary legislation suggests that the Czech Republic’s real priority is compliance with EU directives, rather than adoption of IAS.† Indeed, these two seemed to be not only different goals, but mutually ex clusive ones- companies could either sate the directives issued or the requirements of the IAS, but rarely both, especially in Eastern Block nations where both concepts were fairly new. Now, however, a new complication is on the horizon in the form of bilateral trade with the U.S. and U.S.-E.U. joint ventures. Obviously the directives, which have been scrapped in any case, would have no force of law in U.S. courts. But nevertheless, there has been considerable movement on this issue as of late. In 2006, the IASB issued a paper called â€Å"A Roadmap for Convergence between IFRSs and US GAAP- 2006-2008 Memorandum of Understanding between the FASB and the IASB†. The memorandum, based upon work done during a 2002 meeting between the FASB (U.S.) and the IASB, as well as subsequent meetings in 2005, stated that â€Å"the FASB and the IASB reaffirmed their commitment to the convergence of US generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs).† Nevertheless, this is bound to be a complicated venture because it can not be resolved by boards or government agencies. As the memorandum itself recognized, â₠¬Å"the ability to meet the objective set out by the roadmap depends upon the efforts and actions of many parties—including companies, auditors, investors, standard-setters and regulators.† In other words, bridging the gaap is not merely a matter of ironing out a combined framework of accounting practices. It is a matter of a company in Los Angeles following the same accounting standards and practices that a company in London would. It is also a question of training assessors and auditors in this new standard so that they can ensure compliance with it. For these reasons, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission recently put forth a proposal which would allow U.S. listed companies to choose between IFRS and the U.S. GAAP. While some in Europe and the U.S. fear that allowing companies to make this choice would hinder the process of converging the two systems (Johnson, 2007) it is nevertheless a practical solution which should be given serious thought and consideration. The European Union, an offspring of NATO, was fifty years in the making. The idea that uniform standards can be achieved on both sides of the pond between thousands of individual companies is fanciful. As a pragmatic matter as well, people are often leery of change- especially change that is being forced upon them, which was another reason the Directives approach previously discussed failed. While the ultimate goal of uniformly adopting the IFRS may well be desirable, it is certainly not something that can or will happen overnight. Allowing a choice between GAAP and IFRS for U.S. companies should not be viewed as an effort to â€Å"halt or slow the convergence process† (Johnson, 2007) but rather as an acknowledgement of the real world difficulties inherent to any large-scale transitions. To understand the scope of the proposed transition, it would be helpful to recall why and how the EU adopted the IAS. As mentioned before, the IAS replaced Brussels-originated Directives which were spottily enforced and which were perceived to unduly burden companies and nations less equipped to handle said requirements. Thus, it can fairly be said that the success of the IAS was born of the failure of the Directives-based approach. However, as with all births, it was hounded by complications and proved to be not an easy task. A 2004 ROSC/World Bank report mentioned that not only were there problems with having individual companies follow the requirements of International Auditing Standards, but even government enterprises and governments themselves were struggling. In reporting this, the Board noted another issue- the fact that IAS standards are not appropriate under all circumstances and that regulators ought to specify when IAS should be implemented and when it is not appropriate or expected. If even individual governments do not know or can not discern which events merit IAS use and which do not and how to properly use IAS in order to meet the goal of financial transparency, it may well be too much to ask of individual businesses, especially smaller ones or those in less-fully developed countries. None of this is meant to say that the IAS is a bad idea- after all, it is based on sound accounting practices and principles and has proven easier to follow than Directives, due to its more cohesive and simplified nature. Nevertheless, it is an idea which has taken time to implement. It is the recognition of this transitional time that drove the SEC proposal to allow GAAP filings alongside IFRS ones- and on those grounds, the proposal should be accepted. The IAS sprung from the 1957 Treaty of Rome and the 1970 EU Common Industrial Policy initiative, both of which had harmonization of accounting practices as the goal. The implementation of IFRS continues this trend with the goal of having all companies within the EU report under the IFRS standards by 2007.To be sure, the foregoing is a quest for the harmonization of details. The essential accounting methods are the same, whether they concern a potato farm in Boise or a windmill operator in Rotterdam. For instance, the most basic and fundamental accounting rule- that Assets-Liabilities=Capital, is unchanged by new rules. The same can be said for the calculation of net assets or the definitions of income and capital and the distinctions between the two including the fundamental relationship that capital is an asset which generates income. In a sense, these competing views of filing standards are really about the rules which govern that most fundamental of all business necessities- an ac curate and honest appraisal of a company’s worth- in other words, their asset valuation. This is not a simple task- not merely a question of adding up the profit and loss sides of the ledger- rather, it involves considerations of what to designate as capital maintenance, which amounts can be heralded as operating profits- and why all this is so. In that sense, asset valuation is really a series of judgment calls. If I own a shoe store and I purchase shoe leather, could that be an operational expense? Can it be justified? Is it a personal expense instead? What will I use it for? How will I account for its use? All of these are questions which need to be answered for an asset valuation to be prepared. At times, the answer is obvious- if I own a bookshop and decide to splurge on a Bentley, I can hardly claim that the Bentley is a business-related expense. After all, what use would my bookshop have for it? But many times, indeed most times, it is a more complicated line of enquir y, such as the one regarding the shoe leather. It could be for my personal use but could also be used on the inventory. Perhaps I have overstock that is merely collecting dust and need to be cleaned. As mentioned, the FASB and the IASB are working on a conceptual framework for uniting these two accounting standards. In closing of this paper, it would be prudent to discuss some of the sticking points at this juncture, having just reviewed and emphasized that the nature of asset valuation- indeed of accounting itself- is the use of independent, though guided judgment calls. One example of the conflict is one of expectations- should the entity in question report what the entity expects to occur or what the contract requires? As a pragmatic example, let’s return to our shoe store. Imagine that the shoe store enters a contract with a supplier and as part of the contract, the shoe store must prepare a table showing how many shoes it purchased each month and how many it expects to sell. The goal would be to show that the store is a viable enterprise. And yet, what if the store has purchased 100 pairs of shoes and is required to report the sales for the quarter in the middle of th e third month? The store knows how many shoes it has sold in month one and month two- but does not have the complete figure for month three even though a deadline looms. Should the store estimate the number of sales through the use of current figures? Or should the store be prudent and delay reporting, even though the contract is violated through the stores’ untimeliness? Consider the below sales figures: Week One: 23 pairs    Week Two: 23 pairs    Week Three: 23 pairs    Week Four: 27 pairs Week Five: 23 pairs    Week Six: 23 pairs    Week Seven: 21 pairs    Week Eight: 23 pairs Week Nine: 19 pairs    Week Ten: 18 pairs The store can reasonably expect to sell twenty-three pairs of shoes in week eleven and twenty-three in week twelve, since six of the ten weeks show twenty-three shoes sold. On the other hand, weeks nine and ten have seen a slump and that slump may well continue. Thus, estimating the sales figures for weeks eleven and twelve are tricky at best. Perhaps weeks nine and ten are the start of the summer season and sales will be sluggish throughout. But perhaps weeks nine and ten are anomalies. This is one of the real world difficulties presented by the attempt to reconcile standards and expectations. Another of the many issues on which FASB and IASB differ is whether conservatism conflicts with neutrality in financial reports. The goal of all financial reporting is to be neutral. An asset valuation is not an advertisement- it is an honest statement of your inventory. It may make your company look good or look bad, but it can not be altered in content for the sake of appearances. At the same time, auditors and governments encourage companies to practice conservatism in their estimations. The reasoning for this is that it is always better to err on the side of safety. How do these two goals- conservatism and neutrality- mesh in the real world? Lets return to our shoe store, whose sales figures are above. Weeks nine and ten show declines with fewer shoes sold in week nine than in week eight and fewer shoes sold in week ten than in week nine. These figures hardly lend an air of optimism to the auditing process. If we combine that with conservative accounting principles, we would be well advised to project that sales in week eleven will decline. After all, they have been declining for two straight weeks, something that is unique to this quarter. Additionally, there has been a decline that is steeper than anything encountered this quarter. As such, if we were conservative, we would surely predict further, possibly steep declines. However, notice that there was a strong decline from week four to week five as well, yet figures stabilized. Based on that limited history, is conservatism really pessimism? Thus, does conservatism in this instance deviate from neutrality? The goal of achieving uniformity in accounting practices is a worthy one. In an integrated world where economies and businesses have come to depend on one another, it makes sense that expectations be harmonized. Moreover, it is not as difficult a task as it may seem, given that the basics of sound business and accounting practices are fairly uniform throughout the world. The principles governing accounting also have a high degree of uniformity. However, this is still a matter of aligning different businesses, cultures and even continents along a single fiscal path. The goal is a worthy one and may well be achieved. But, like Rome, it wont be done in a day. Or even a year. Bibliography: Hegarty, J. and Gielen F. and Barros A.C.H. (2004) â€Å"Implementation of International Accounting and Auditing Standards: Lessons Learned from the World Bank’s Accounting and Auditing ROSC Program,† September 2004, accessed via http://www.worldbank.org/ifa/LessonsLearned_ROSC_AA.pdf on 16 November 2007. IASB (2006) â€Å"A Roadmap for Convergence Between IFRSs and U.S. GAAP 2006-2008 Memorandum of Understanding Between the FASB and the IASB† 27 February 2006, accessed via http://www.iasb.org/NR/rdonlyres/874B63FB-56DB-4B78-B7AF-49BBA18C98D9/0/MoU.pdf on 16 November 2007. IFA (2003) â€Å"Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes (ROSC): Czech Republic,† accessed via http://www.worldbank.org/ifa/czerosc_aa.pdf on 16 November 2007. Johnson S. (2007) â€Å"What if IFRS Replaced GAAP?† CFO.com, accessed via http://www.cfo.com/article.cfm/9634508?f=rsspage on 16 November 2007.

Mla Template for Dummies Essay

Got a paper to write? Here’s a tip: don’t worry about the formatting, just write. Besides, this MLA template for Word has the formatting down for you. Just replace everything in brackets with your information (remember the heading!) and you’re good to go. And, of course, replace this stuff with your content. But read this first! There’s some really important info here. Do yourself a favor and save this template to your computer in a place where you’ll remember it. There are bunch of little nuances in MLA that are really easy to miss – the heading, the spacing, the date format, and those random rules that seem to exist only to annoy you†¦ stop re-writing it each time you go to write a paper, and just whip out this handy template! Wasn’t that easy? By the way, here’s a look at some of the stuff people get wrong a lot. First, the heading at the top right corner of each page. Remove the entire thing if your paper is just one page long; some teachers, though, tell you to just remove the page number. Next come inline citations. You want to â€Å"write them in this format, with the period way at the end, assuming you got this from the 5th page of someone’s essay† (Someone 5). Also, if someone includes some random tangent in their quote, you can cut out the junk using ellipses. â€Å"I’ve got logorrhea, meaning I tend to ramble on incoherently a lot . . . Now back to the main topic.† Notice that there are spaces in between each ellipsis (yes, that’s the singular form), before the ellipses, and after them. Strange, I know. But it gets weirder. What if you want to cite a really long bit of text (4 lines or more)? Take a look. Welcome to long-quote land! Notice that the formatting here is the same as it is everywhere else – except every paragraph is indented twice as much (one inch) as usual paragraphs. What I’d recommend you do is type your long quote normally (like a normal paragraph), then highlight the whole thing and hit â€Å"tab† to indent it all properly. Also, remember that there are no quotation marks surrounding this block of text! None! Nada! Zilch! And as if there weren’t enough twists already, citing a long quote is different than citing a normal quote: the citation goes in parentheses after the final punctuation, like this. (Someone 5) Also, make sure you include a Works Cited page below this page (I’ve even included the page break!) I’d highly recommend using a web service such as easybib.com, which does all your formatting for you – just input the information you know. What’s more, you can export it to a Word document, complete with all the formatting! You can copy the contents of the exported document, insert a page break (Insert → Page Break; fancy that) after your body, then paste the contents in. Feel free to share this template with your friends at is.gd/mlatemplate (or, if for some reason that doesn’t work, is.gd/MLAtemplate), but remember that this template is copyrighted, meaning you can’t claim it as your own. Enjoy and good luck! –Neel

Early Jamestown Essay

Imagine a land that seems to go on forever. It has a beautiful, lush forest that spans for miles. It also has a fresh-water river that runs into the coast. You’re just settled here with two of your best friends. However, you realize that none of you have skills that will be beneficial to your colony. You also realize that the Indian tribe who lives nearby may be a problem. The last thing you realize is you have many environmental problems. You are in the land of Jamestown, circa 1607, and these are the three main reasons why your colony is about to come crashing down. The first reason that Jamestown was unsuccessful was the lack of the settlers’ skills. The settlers did not have enough doctors. (Doc. C) They also had no farmers, cooks, or hunters. (Doc. C) They had too many gentlemen and only four carpenters. (Doc. C) They also had no woman. (Doc. C) They had seventy-five gentlemen as well. (Doc. C) This means they wouldn’t have the skills required to do jobs needed for their colony. The second reason that Jamestown failed was Indian relations. From 1607-1608, only seven settlers died from Indian attacks. (Doc. E) In 1609 Francis West and thirty-six men forced the Powhatan Indians to trade grain. (Doc. D) This made the Indians mad. In 1609, 143 settlers died from Indians attacks. (Doc. E) The Indians attacked so much in 1609 because of Francis West’s invasion. The last reason that Jamestown did not succeed is environmental problems. The river in Jamestown was the colony’s main source of water. The river would flood with ocean water a lot because it was connected to the ocean. (Doc. A) As a result, the water was brackish. (Doc. A) There weren’t a lot of fish in the river during winter. (Doc. A) This caused drought and starvation. In 1998, scientists examined the growth rings inside of trees from Jamestown and discovered that because of the rings in the trunks being close together, Jamestown didn’t get enough rain. (Doc. B) In conclusion, the three main reasons colonists died in Jamestown are lack of settlers’ skills, Indian relations, and environmental problems. I think environmental problems were the best reason because there were more difficulties with the environment. The lost colony of Jamestown is significant because it is important to know our history and where we came from.

The Role Of Modern Nationalism And The Middle East

In this essay I will be discussing the role of modern nationalism and how this ideology affected the transition from colonial rule to independence in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as the problems that plagued them since 1945, and how these different nations have solved them. I will be specifically concentrating on the nations of India, Algeria, and Iran. In the wake of World War Two, the power of Asian nationalism was irrepressible. Many new nations emerged all throughout this massive continent. Even though these various nations are different in many ways the way in which they came together hold true. Everywhere Asian nationalists rallied their people against colonialism and imperialism brought on by the various countries†¦show more content†¦Although this was a problem, it was fairly brief. Since India gained their independence, the country has faced many problems. These problems include ethnic and religious conflict, poverty and overpopulation. These problems have been attempted to be solved by the Indian democracy. For example, The prime minister, Indira Gandhi (1966-77 1980-84) embarked on the â€Å"green revolution† this increased agricultural yields for India’s eight hundred million people. This solved problems of poverty for a short period of time, this is because India has one of the fastest growing po pulations in the world. Gandhi realized this and took stringent action by calling for a state of emergency form 1975-77. During this time period she imposed very repressive birth control policies, even involuntary sterilization. Over eight million people were sterilized in an effort to control the overpopulation problem. This was not the end of India’s problems though, in 1980 the religious divide proved to be a deadly one. Gandhi took it upon herself to fix the problem, ordering the army to attack a sacred temple which harbored Sikh extremists. 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The Concentration Of Poverty And Poverty - 1115 Words

Some problems associated with living in a neighborhood with a high percentage of the population living in poverty include increased crime rates, poor education, health problems and psychological distress. The concentration of people in high poverty neighborhoods magnifies the problems faced by the poor. This is because it leads to the concentration of the ills associated with poverty. Children in these neighborhood do not only lack basic needs but are also exposed to an hostile environment that holds numerous temptations and does not provide positive motivation (McConville Ong, 2003). In addition, because schools are distributed geographically, children from high poverty neighborhoods attend the same schools and this result in low performance. This concentration also intensify the shift of the middle and higher income families away from these neighborhoods thus creating a gap between social needs and the financial base necessary to address these issues. The concentration of poverty is important because it has an impact on the distribution of income which might undermines the social fabric and may restrict opportunities for others (Jargowsky, 2003). There are arguments that individuals may benefit from living in poor neighborhoods. This is because they are able to share coping strategies as well as well as benefit from geographically based networks that provide support to people living in poor neighborhoods. The coping strategies employed include reducing expenses,Show MoreRelatedWelfare Policy845 Words   |  4 PagesDescription According to the US Census Bureau, about 274,000 people, or 10 percent of the population in Chicago, Illinois are living in deep poverty (Emmanuel, 2015). Despite its high poverty rates, welfare in Chicago has always been small by any measure. At its peak in the 1990s, only 5 million families received assistance, averaging less than $400 a family (Piven, 2002). Frances Fox Piven believes that â€Å"changes in welfare were related to shifts that were occurring in a range of American socialRead MoreThe Structural Theory Of Poverty1031 Words   |  5 Pagespowerhouse. However, poverty is still a prevalent and pervasive social problem (Arneson, 2007). This paper will discuss the sociological concepts and theories surrounding this pertinent issue. In addition, it will point out the value of sociological research into this social ill. Lastly, it will present evidence to support the hypothesis that poverty is a structural failure. In contrast to the school of thought supported by a number of sociologists that claims that poverty is a personal failureRead MoreThe Problems of Poverty in Developing Countries Essay749 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction When we talk about poverty, we always relate poverty to poor living conditions or low standard of living. Poverty is an issue that happens all over the world, especially developing countries. We know about poverty issues by reading newspaper and watching television. In general, poverty is known as lack of money, food and shelter. But the perception of different people towards poverty differently. Malaysia, as a developing country, poverty is an unavoidable problem. Poverty is increasing when theRead MorePoverty Of Poverty And Children1276 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica, poverty and children is an ongoing issue and is happening today more than ever. Poverty is affecting our children today by creating learning problems during school for them, it is also creating more health issues for children. Not only is poverty creating direct problems currently but it is also creating problems for the future by creating a poverty cycle. There are many reasons why a child would be in poverty, but the re are also many solutions to fix child poverty. Child poverty is a macroeconomicsRead MoreRacial Segregation Within The United States780 Words   |  4 Pagescontemporary debate regarding the distinctive patterns of poverty among African Americans revolves around the question, â€Å"is it class or race that causes (and perpetuates) such misfortune of African Americans?† Scholars have looked at patterns of residential segregation in their attempts to answer such a question. Massey and Denton explore racial residential segregation in the United States throughout the 20th century. They argue that the making and concentration of the (African American) underclass in innerRead MoreIncreasing Poverty Among African Americans957 Words   |  4 PagesIn his discussion on poverty among African Americans, William Wilson has identified several historical factors that have contributed to the increase in poverty levels in the recent years. Such factors included, first, shift in the Ameri can economy from industrial to informational economy, thus limited the labor poll to only highly specialized individuals; second, the historical flow of migrants, and what it bring with it from competition over limited amount of resources; third, change in the urbanRead MoreThe, Land Of Opportunities By James Truslow Adams1553 Words   |  7 Pagesliving in poverty without the necessary resources to put their abilities to use. It is even more difficult for a child in poverty to gain access to these resources, let alone express their abilities and talents with them. Poverty in America affects children under the age of 18 academically, mentally, and physically, in addition to how well they may do in the future in regards to their education and career aspects. The word â€Å"poverty† is an abstract noun. This being said, everyone views poverty differentlyRead MoreUrban Poverty And The Urban Underclass Essay939 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to Curley (2005), urban poverty has been a huge issue for hundreds of years. The people living in inner-city neighborhoods were the primary target for poverty. It had a tremendous effect on the black population; it increased by 164 percent in ten years alone. Finding a job became hardly impossible. Therefore, neighborhoods began to segregate, leaving the disadvantaged poor behind. The neighborhoods relied on welfare to make ends meets. This resulted in an increase in crime rates (pRead MoreDefinition Of Migration Of International Migration1246 Words   |  5 Pagesincrease of Bangladeshi migrants to Asian countries. A positive link between migration and poverty is triggered through the inflow and use of remittances received by the respective households. Estimates suggest that â€Å"a 10 percent increase in the share of remittances in a country’s GDP lead to a reduction of 1.6 percent of people living in poverty† (Adams and Page, 2005). Similarly â€Å"poverty head count and poverty gap indices would decline by 0.77 and 0.53 respectively with 10 percent increase in internationalRead MoreThe Discrimination Of The United States950 Words   |  4 Pagesfailure to begin with, especially when you add in poverty and poor living conditions. The school system, for example, is full of fail when it comes to giving equal education opportunities to minorities. Schools in neighborhoods with high poverty rates are shown to have lower test scores and graduation rates. Minority students don t only get less experienced teachers, they also get less effective ones. Students in schools with a high co ncentration of minorities are more than twice as likely to have

Who s Afraid Of The Big Bad Dragon - 1448 Words

In the book, Who’s Afraid of the Big Bad Dragon? : Why China Has the Best (and Worst) Education System in the World, published by John Wiley Sons on August 14, 2014, the author, Yong Zhao, states that while China gets the highest test scores on the PISA exam, parents in China often send their children to western schools. In short Yong Zhao, a Chinese native who was born in Sichuan, claims that Western countries, Britain and America, should not try and adopt China’s education system for many reasons. I my opinion this book did not seem important to pre-service teachers, but after further thought and reading, I conclude that this book is valuable to not only pre-service teachers, but to anyone that is involved in education because it provides reasons why we should not try to adopt China’s education system. When the book began it discussed Chinese education. Their education system did not seem relevant because in America our education system is not as strict. There was mention of the long hours that children are in school, and the constant studying they do. Although we study in America we do not take it to the extent that the Chinese do, spending all day at school, and then all night studying, is not an everyday American trait. The only similarity we possess is the emphasis on standardized testing, which from previous studies, we have seen is not good. Zhao even recalls a protest that broke out about the testing and how it promotes cheating. He states, â€Å"in June 2013 in HubeiShow MoreRelatedThe Hero S Journey1352 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Journey begins. This step refers to the hero s normal life at the start of the story. Next, is the ‘Call to Adventure’ and the hero is faced with something that makes him start his adventure. This might be a problem or a challenge he needs to overcome. Following that step is ‘Refusal of the Call‘; when the hero attempts to refuse the adventure because he is afraid. After that is ‘Meeting the Mentor’ which is where the hero encounters someone who can give him advice and ready him for the journeyRead MoreThe Hunger Games By Suzanne Collins3246 Words   |  13 Pages and symbolism. Suzanne Collins and Steven Galloway use imagery and characterization to vividly describe the effects and outcomes of war and dictatorship. Suzanne Collins portrays, Katniss Everdeen, the protagonist, as a quiet, smart individual, who only hunts animals for survival. Later in the novel, Katniss makes her first kill. The â€Å"arrow drives deeply into the center of his neck†¦ then I [Katniss] realize†¦ he was my first kill.†(Collins, 233-4) The author’s imagery explicitly describes the harshRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hobbit 2659 Words   |  11 Pages That means maybe doing things that have never been thought of before. I have read four fantasy books. The Hobbit, A Wrinkle In Time, City of Bones, and Shiver. The two movies I watched were The Curious Case Of Benjamin Button, and The Last Dragon/ A Fantasy Made Real. Fear is a common connection within all of the books. Fear though is nothing more than an obstacle, that stands in the way of the pr ogress. In overcoming our fears we can move forward: This makes us stronger and wiser withinRead MoreThe Ku Klux Klan During World War I1551 Words   |  7 Pageswere afraid that immigrants would bring communism or socialism to the country. Opponents to immigration were Protestants and nativists who resented the foreigners’ Catholic religion and their lack of Caucasian characteristics. Intraregional migration in the United States also became common yet, troublesome as more and more rural residents moved to urban areas for job opportunities. People living in rural areas were often Protestant and native-born, so they collided with Catholic immigrants who arrivedRead MoreWhat Society Think of Gamers1828 Words   |  7 Pagesgamer since plenty of people are too. Another stereotype would be the nerd. The nerd is often not social and goes unnoticed in life, being more of a background character than anything, he has glasses big as jars of jam and likes to spend his days playing single player games, Dungeons and Dragons or tinkering with his computer. Bias There is a ton of different biases/prejudices about gamers in society, the list below summarizes a few of them. -Overweight and Out of Shape SocietyRead More Defense of Tragedy1913 Words   |  8 Pagesor connect it to some other story. Sheila was always doing that. But the encounter with Michael’s mother left April a little stunned and she became engrossed in trying to understand it herself. It was natural for her to look for help from her friend who knew so much about everything. It was at that moment, the slight pause and dip of April’s head, the pursing of her lips for words she would not get the chance to say, that brought it all together in the narration Sheila was constructing for herselfRead MoreEssay on Sex and Drugs Have Always Been in the Music3495 Words   |  14 Pages It seems as if someone is always complaining about popular music on the market.   References to illegal drugs and sexual conduct are two of the most common complaints.   Adults claim that rock and roll stars are bad influences to children.   The lyrical content of songs and the examples set by musical idols are not suitable for minors.   Todays music, especially, tests the limits of good taste.   Objections to artists like Eminem, Lil Kim, and Fred Durst are everyday occurrences, but whatRead MoreSt. John s Wort Essay11098 Words   |  45 PagesIt s hard for most of us to avoid a certain amount of stress, anxiety, depression, and fatigue these days. The pace of modern life, and all its excessive stimulation, takes a toll on our bodies and minds. When we can t escape from it, many of us resort to harmful addictions or medications to help us through. In the last couple of decades, though, certain natural (plant-derived) substances have begun to garner reputations for helping to give people an overall feeling of well being. St John s WortRead MoreEnter Antigone and Ismene from the Palace10899 Words   |  44 PagesAntigone Enter ANTIGONE and Ismene from the palace. ANTIGONE: Ismene, my dear sister through common blood, do you know of any evil from Oedipus Zeus will not perform on us who still live? For I have seen nothing—nothing painful, nothing mad or shameful or dishonorable—(5) that is not among your or my sorrows. And now what do they say? The general has just put an edict over the whole city. Have you heard it? Or have you avoided learning how our friends suffer the fate of foes?(10) Read MoreAutobilography of Zlatan Ibrahimovic116934 Words   |  468 PagesDavid Lagercrantz --------------------------------------------------------------------------- This book is dedicated to my family and friends, to those who have stood by my side, on good days and bad. I also want to dedicate it to all the kids out there, those who feel different and don t fit in. Those who are seen for the wrong reasons. It s OK to be different. Continue being yourself. It worked out for me. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- CHAPTER

Situational Analysis of Caterpillar Company

Question: Discuss about the Situational Analysis of Caterpillar Company. Answer: Introduction: Caterpillar Company is specialised in the manufacture of construction and mining equipment and diesel engines. The company designs and manufactures machinery and diesel engines and sells them through different channels and agents that are located across the globe. Interbrand ranked the Caterpillar brand as number 72 with a brand value 5,976$m. The brand calculation methodology focuses on determining the role of the brand and the value that it brings to the organization (Interbrand 2015, pp6). This framework is used to carry out financial evaluation that determines the performance of the brand within the market. This method uses brand, financial information, competitor data and market information that can be used to asses a brand and the benefits that the organization can have in investing in the brand. Situational analysis of Caterpillar was based on PESTEL analysis of the company that sis is based on analysing and evaluating the macro environment of the company focussing on Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors. The analysis revealed that the company is involved in the business line where few firms have saturated the market. The factors help in analysing the business environment and the factors that affect the way the company operates and shape the business operations of the company. Caterpillar owns a portfolio of brands that pray different roles in the growth of the company and achievement of enterprise goals (Caterpillar 2014, p3; Caterpillar 2016, p4). The brand is a communication tool that represents the companys investment in the community. Thus the brand is an umbrella that shelters and covers all other brands of the company. Caterpillar company business strategy is based on three areas that focus on superior results, best team and being a global leader. Superior results within the company are achieved through the business strategy of profit after capital charge that ensures constant cash flow within the organization. This is to ensure that the company is able to manage its business operations adequately. According to the company business strategy of renewing strengths and shaping the future ensures that the company provides a work environment that ensures the employees make effective and productive use of resources that enable the company achieve its vision. Gillet, Fink Bevington (2010, p2) argue that the company uses six Sigma strategies to execute its business strategy. Caterpillar CEO Glen Barton introduced the six sigma tool in the company that ensured every employee participates in supporting the strategy. From the factory worker to the group president, each employee is aware of the activities that take place in the organization using the six sigma tool and their role in the business strategy. With the tool the companys business strategy is pegged on recognising the employee as the most important pillar in the organization. The tool is further used in problem solving within the organization and different business units (Slater, Narver 1995, p 65). The organization has further taught its suppliers and dealers on how to use the tool to refine the business models that they run. Business strategy and brand strategy in an organization are key elements in ensuring the success of any organization. Caterpillar Company is a global brand that has seen the company succeeds in the business environment. Customers and other dealers recognise the CAT trademark as an element that is used to woo customers and compete in the market. To compete with other dealers within the market, the role of the business strategy is to ensure that the business is able to overcome the challenges that may be faced in the business environment. Caterpillar uses the six sigma tool to run its processes and ensuring that the standards of brand quality are met. According to Christopher (1996, p58) brand architecture is used for marketing purposes while the brand quality is used to satisfy the customer. There is a thin line between the business strategy and the brand since they all play a role in ensuring that the market position of the company is achieved. This is seen in the establishment of mi ssion, vision and values of the organization. This means that the brand is an intersection of the business strategy since it forms the formulation of the strategy. Businesses that have not aligned their brands with the business strategy face challenges and competing within the business environment. The business environment is challenging and thus businesses that are not able to integrate their brand and the business strategy will not be able to compete adequately in the market with other global competitors and new entrants (Kohli Jaworski, 1990, p11). Therefore the business strategy and the brand of the organization are interlinked concepts that ensure the organization is able to meet its business needs and the relevance of the existence of the organization. References Caterpillar 2016. Company Brands. Available at https://www.caterpillar.com/en/company/brands.html Caterpillar 2014. Pestel analysis of Caterpillar inc. Available at https://myblog410-no2.weebly.com/blog/pestel-analysis-of-caterpillar-inc Christopher, M., 1996. From brand values to customer value , Journal of Marketing practice: Applied Marketing Science, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 55-66. Gillet John, Fink Ross Bevington Nick April 2010. How Caterpillar uses six sigma to execute strategy, Strategic Finance. Kohli, A.K, and Jaworski, B.J, 1990. Market orientation: The construct, research Propositions and managerial implications. Journal of Marketing, 54, 118. Slater, S.F., Narver, J.C., 1995.Market Orientation and the Learning Organization. Journal of Marketing. 59, 63-74. Interbrand 2015, Rankings. Available at https://interbrand.com/best-brands/best-global-brands/2015/ranking/

Soft system and social technical approaches

Abstract Scientific research has been evolving at an increasingly alarming rate. This has been triggered by the requirement of research community to provide significant answers to what seems as complex and disorderly world problematic situations.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this effect, scientists feel obligated to conduct an interdisciplinary research project aimed at increasing knowledge in all the disciplines (Bandura 2002). Such research projects are aimed at attending to the challenges the globalizations and advancement in technology present to the users and consumers of information. The accuracy, integrity, and accessibility of information have become one of the fundamental issues that such research aims at addressing. The issues of integrity of information usage and the security of information is becoming an essentiality. The design of the information system should be able to address the challenges such as the ethical issues that have become a major headache to the researchers in the information and technology field. The ability to present a system that addressed such challenges will be an enormous milestone in addressing the challenges of the time and age. Introduction With various factors contributing to any issues in the current world, such variations make the world more complex and disorganized. There is need for an amicable approach in addressing and resolving such issues. It is never straightforward the case of identifying the root cause of the problem or diagnosing the problem instantly. With so much confusion often-surrounding problems, it may seem impossible to determine an appropriate solution. In order to resolve such issues, a problem-solving approach is paramount. Moreover, the approaches should be able to take various dimensions of the issue into account. This may entail the clearly und erstanding what is happening and strategies or brainstorm of the possible mechanism of addressing the issue or improving the situation. Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) is one of the approaches (Bandura 2002). Soft system methodolgy Soft Systems Methodology is a product of the continuing Action Research of Prof Peter Checkland, Brian Wilson plus other researchers. It is a guideline tool to problem-solving. The effort was in recognition of the fact that not all problems are obvious and neither do they have a predictable solution.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Common misunderstandings have emerged where the method has been viewed as planned to solve soft problems such as problems involving the social and cultural aspects. On the contrary, the concept applies to both hard and soft problems. The methodology, however adopts a different approach in every problematic situation. The ‘hardness ’ or ‘softness’ is not n innate characteristic of the perceived problem, instead it relates to how the problem is viewed by those involved in seeking the solution (Checkland 1985). Each and every problematic situation comprise of both soft and hard aspects. A problem becomes a problem boy the virtue of being viewed as such by human beings. This can be equated to such a saying that â€Å"one man’s poison is another man’s meat†. Current explanations and issues relating to soft system Developed in 1970 by Peter Checkland with his colleagues, Soft systems methodology (SSM) was designed to provide interventions in the challenges experienced in management, organizational and policy contexts. The methodology comes in handy especially where neither the problems nor the answers are obvious. It is closely related to the engineering system approaches. However, unlike the engineering system, it recognizes the central importance of perspective or world-vi ew in social situations. The approach is different from the ‘systems science’ approaches that was advanced in the 1960s, and reflects more on action research in its philosophy and approach. SSM is different from approaches of hard systems through its mode of dealing with the system concept. According to hard system approach, a ‘system’ is regarded as ontological entity-entities or objects that exist in the real world. For instance, when one talks of objects such as computer system or transport system, they mean physical things which can be described officially as well as structured to meet a certain need. SSM, on the other hand, regards the concept of ‘system’ as an epistemological entity and not ontological entity- a construction of the mind that aids in human understanding. When we are looking at an organization as a system, for instance, the things that come in our minds include the activities that take place within that company. We think of the process of converting some raw materials into given finished products; we also think of the efforts to make profits; we also get a mental picture of a number of employees as holders of different positions within the organization. As for the case for the unemployed young graduates, they would look at the organization as a potential employer.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In essence, different people will have varied perceptions over a given organization. It is not possible for us to provide a given single instruction as either right or wrong while there are other different to understand what is going on in the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the perceptions and values of different individuals to get a clear picture of what concerns them within a given system. While trying to understand a production company, as a system, for example, we are conscious of the process of conversion of raw materials into the product. The system would therefore be composed of such stakeholders as suppliers of raw material, sugar-cane farmers, for example. We would also have customers to purchase the manufactured products. When looking at an organization whose sole objective is to create jobs for the locals, the system would constitute a different set of elements. In this case we would be interested in the infrastructure such as improved market infrastructures to enable farmers sell their farm produce. Improved transport system would also be of importance to allow for easy movement of people and the goods. A reliable communication network to allow timely flow of information would also be of significance. Boundary lines that are different have been drawn basing on different perceptions of people on what they perceive as the system. The development of SSM was influenced by the need to find solutions to complex situations where the problem to be solved is not clear; and the affected group of people hold different understanding of what constitutes the problem and the possible solution. For instance how to improve farm productivity by intensifying the use of chemical fertilizers at the same time conserving the environment; also how to realize industrialization without adversely affecting the environment in terms of pollution. A society may also be faced with a challenge of how to deal with youth gangs, who pose a threat to the community or drug abusers. The approach to solving such challenges may take many dimensions. However, instead of solving the problem, some proposed option may actually worsen the situation. There is need to take a close look at the wider situation and the likely consequences of choosing any given approach.Advertising Looking for report on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is so because, some situations are intertwined; changing one element may have knock-on effects on other aspects. A comprehensive understanding of the relationships that exist amongst situations is paramount. The role of SSM is to offer users with a guideline in developing an improved understanding of the complexity of situations’. Processes SSM is characterized by seven stages as follows: 1) Identification of the problematic situation that requires intervention. 2). Conducting a comprehensive research so to capture the bigger picture. 3) Perspective selection and a construction of root definitions (the major processes that need to occur within the desired system). 4) Conceptualization of a change system model. 5) Comparison of the model with the real-world situation. 6) Definitions of the changes to be made. Review of literature It is necessary to integrate our understanding and modeling over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales in order to address complex societa l and environmental Challenges. This calls for an increase in the level of societal meaningful Science (Lubchenco 2008). System based approaches have been critical in trying to understand humanity and our interactions with the external environment. Ludwig Von Bertalanffy is recognized for his major breakthrough in systems based approaches in the early twentieth century (Lubchenco 2008). Ludwig Von (Biologist) together with Kenneth Boulding (economist), Ralph Gerard (biologist), and Anatol Rapoport (mathematician) further developed a ‘General systems theory’ aimed at addressing the requirement for a more integrated approach to solving societal problems. This led to the birth of Society for General Systems Research in 1954 whose name later changed to the â€Å"International Society for Systems Science (Sage 1992). According to Checkland, in using a â€Å"Participative Approach† stakeholders are most likely to reach accommodations – a common understanding on how to address a given problematic situation. Through such approach, the company can adopt changes that are agreeable to all the stakeholders. The model of allowing all idea(accommodation) is not same as agreement. â€Å"Consensus involves a complete agreement among the stakeholders that the proposed changes best serve all of their needs. The notion of accommodation on the other hand, recognizes that this is an uncommon state of affairs† (Schlager 1956, p. 54), and consequently values that a lot of time different people requires can only be to some extent met by cooperative schemes. SSM Approach Vs CATWO Checkland proposed a 7-step learning methodology approach. However this was superseded by the CATWO model, developed by Action Research conducted at Lancaster. Despite this, the methodology is still widely used because of its step-wise approach which makes it easy to be taught. In addition, the model has a barrier which runs across it to draw a difference among the 3 stages i.e.between the Real World, above the line, and Systems Thinking. â€Å"CATWO, formulated by The Lancaster team proposes several criteria that should be specified to in order to provide a comprehensive and rigorous root definition† (Schlager 1956, p.54). Clients – Who are gainers or losers of this particular system? (Who would gain or lose as a result its operations?) Actors – all those staff members accountable for putting in practice the systems developed. Transformation – this is quantified based on advancement and changes that the implemented system brings in the organization(What are the contribution essentials and to which extend or in other words what sort of revolution do these input elements undergo before measureable output can be seen). Weltanschauung–also, know as worldview. What explicit worldview offers the rationalization to the being of this structure or system? Owner – Whose mandate is to change this system or review its ove rall performance Environmental constraints – what are the external constraints that should be considered? This type of analysis elucidates the objectives of the user of the methodology. By clearly recognizing these viewpoints, the client of the technique is required to mull over the effects of any anticipated transformations on the group concerned.† Following limitations of ‘hard’ systems including operations research and systems dynamics, Peter Checkland and colleagues developed ‘soft’ system approaches to counteract limitations associated with technical assessments† (Checkland 1985, p. 34). Advantages System approach allows participation by all the relevant actors take part in the problem situation and interact with the analyst. The approach teases out the problem situation, which offers a good ground for creative problem solving. Some problems in real life are not well defined and cannot be solved using scientific methods hence the sys tem approach helps in addressing them. The system approach allows for an iterative process, which allows the analyst to learn about the system and hence know how to go about it. Disadvantages The system approach often ignores power in the organization and this may create in the daily operations. The system relies too much on individuals’ perception and as such, it is fuzzy and cannot be easily applied in practice. Quite often, the system approach may neglect some of the forces that interact in society, such as Social constraints and group norms. The future of integrative systems based studies There is increasing pressure for scientists and policy makers to adopt more integrated and holistic approaches to understanding how we manage systems from the local to global scale. These include 1) advancement in Systems modeling approaches from systems biology to earth systems science. This involves qualitative network models as well as quantitative process/kinetics based approaches (B orgatti, 2009). It is the network models that have the potential to link systems biology, socio-ecological systems, and earth systems science. 2) There has been a continued improvement in data sharing between individual projects and disciplines. This has been easier by introduction of data and meta-data models To increase the sharing of data between individual projects and between disciplines. Examples of these advancements include markup languages e.g. system biology markup language ISO 27001 Current Explanation and Issues Relating to ISO 27001 IT Governance and information security Board corporate governance requirements have in the recent years become increasingly more defined and specific. With information technology becoming pervasive, underpinning and supporting almost every aspect of the organization, manipulation and storing of information on which the organization depends for its survival, the role of IT in corporate governance has become more clearly defined and IT governa nce getting to be more recognized as a crucial area for board and corporate attention. IT governance is specifically concerned with the protection of the information. protection of this information is critical as the organization’s decision is heavily pegged on its availability, confidentiality and integrity. As a result, parallel international standards related to information security have emerged and have become one of the cornerstones of an effective IT governance framework. The information security standards British standard Institution came up with BS7799 in 1995 as a standard to guide the development and implementation of an Information Security Management System (ISMS). On the outset, BS7799 was considered, as a technology-neutral, vendor-neutral management system. It was intended that, if accurately implemented, it would guarantee an organization’s management of effective information security measures (Hall 1962). Those rallying for the BS7799 measures aim at a ddressing the challenges associated with availability, the integrity aspect and also the confidentiality of the information in an organization.. Protection covers those threats that the organization considers relevant and only to the extent that is justified financially and commercially through a risk assessment. The Code of Practice (which uses words like ‘may’ and which deals with controls, not with Information Security Management Systems), is now recognized under the dual numbers of ISO17799 and BS7799-1 . The basis for certification schemes is specification and ISO 27001 mandates the use of ISO 17799 as the source of guidance for the selection and implementation of the controls mandated by ISO 27001. The most recent version of the Code of Practice, and the one which must be used, is ISO/IEC 17799:2005. BS7799-2:2002 has also undergone revision and internationalization, and was replaced in November 2005 by ISO/IEC 27001:2005. The best way to keep in touch with the ch anges to the standards is to subscribe to 24743, the free information security newsletter that provides regularly updated FAQs on the new standards, as well as other ISMS information. The information security and regulatory environments ISO 27001 refers to a standard containing requirements for a company to implement an information security management system. There are two main reasons explaining the growing interest in certification to ISO 2700. These are: 1) the proliferation of threats to information this is aimed at curbing the possibility of the information landing on the wrong place or unauthorized persons having access to such information. Such incidences can have elemental effects to the institutions or the organizational functions. In addition, 2) the growth in the lawful and constitutional needs that are associated with information authenticity and protection. This is mostly useful when dealing with secure information. Such applications are used in the security sector, ban ks and credit cards etc where the transfer of information is through the protected channels accessible to few authorized individuals. This is aimed at minimizing compromising situation s that may results when the public or unauthorized persons access the information. Information security and technology Securing data or protecting computers from threats is normally undertaken by people with IT knowledge. This is done by assigning the users with log in credentials that regulate the person accessing the information. The ability of regulating who accesses what information also enables the It team to monitor and regulate the information flow and also be able to audit the information access and distribution in the system (Bennett, 2009). The computer user makes decisions about which threats to be protect the system from and what trade-offs between security and flexibility he or she is prepared to accept. The usage of the computers vary and various experts do various tasks based on the [po wers that the computers or the specifications of the job to be done. The variations in the usage rights also enables only certified people to access some classified information. Some of the information in the system can be very confidential and only the qualified personnel should be allowed to have access and possibly distribute such information(Schlager 1956). Advantages of ISO 27001 The benefits of ISO 27001 emanates from its principles. These are confidentiality, integrity, accuracy, completeness, and availability. The confidentiality allows the clients to have faith in the system and trust using the system for their day-to-day business. The integrity concepts emanates from the fact that the system is able to carry out the specified instructions or transactions pertaining a given action or command instructed. The accuracy assures the users that they will not be overcharged or underpaid thus ensuring that the information validity is not compromised. The availability of the appropr iate information to the right person at the right time. ISO 27001 ensures confidentiality that is information may not be made availed or disclosed for people, entities, or processes without permission. ISO 27001 ensures integrity. The information is protected from unauthorized changes. Conclusions Advances in a wide range of systems focused disciplines have increased our ability understand and model socio-ecological systems from the sub-cellular to global scale. These can be classed as ‘hard’, ‘soft’ approaches, and both are required when you are studying systems across multiple spatial and organizational levels. Here I suggest that diagramming, network theory combined with markup languages based on data and metadata standards within an analytical-deliberative framework can lead to learning and greater integration across these disparate systems based approaches. I am not suggesting that one approach or framework will address all situations, but highlighting the commonalities that will enable us to integrate across situations. References Bandura, A 2002, Social Learning Theory, General Learning Press- New York, New York. Bennett, E, Peterson G Gordon, J 2009, ‘Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem service,’ Ecology Letters, vol. 12, no.4, pp.1394-1404. Borgatti, P, Mehra, A, Brass, J, Labianca, G 2009, ‘Network analysis in the social sciences,’ Science, vol. 323, pp.892-895. Checkland, P1985, ‘From optimizing to learning – a development of systems thinking for the 1990s’, Journal of the Operational Research Society, vol. 36, no. 2,pp. 757-767. Hall, A1962, A methodology for systems engineering, Prentice Hall, New York. Lubchenco, J 2008,’Entering the century of the environment: A new social contract for science’, Science, vol.279, no.4, pp. 491-497. Sage, AP1992, Systems Engineering. Wiley IEEE, New York. Schlager, J1956, ‘Systems engineering key to mode rn development,’ IRE Transactions EM-3, vol. 2. No.2, pp. 64–66. This report on Soft System and Social Technical Approaches was written and submitted by user Edith G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.